Discount Designer Watches: July 2013

Wednesday, July 31, 2013

Business 4G ready to go; O2 announces launch date; others vague.

2013/08/01

As of this morning, the spectrum allocated for 4G is cleared for action and O2 announced today that it will start a limited 4G service in three cities London, Bradford and Leeds on August 29th.

Vodafone, Three and BT, which also bought licences to use 4G spectrum five months ago, are still vague about the dates for launching their 4G services.

O2 says it will cover ten cities by the end of the year.

The spectrum licensed for 4G is in the 800MHz and 2.6GHz bands. It was bought by Vodafone, O2, Three, BT and EE.

However EE got a flying start when it got Ofcom’s go-ahead to use some of its existing 1800MHz spectrum, bought for 3G services, to launch a 4G service.

Vodafone is saying it will launch 4G services sometime in the summer, and Three is saying it will launch 4G services in Q4.

Analogue TV was broadcast over the spectrum which is now ready to be used by the wireless network companies.

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玉文化之闻玉识女人

傍晚十分正是闲逛的好时段，走在复古街边，望着这些戴玉的娇柔女子，仿如走进了唐朝，这让人不禁想到杜秋娘《金镂衣》所言“花开堪折直须折，莫待无花空折枝”之诗句来。总之在玉文化里佩玉的女人，不得不使钟情的男人去垂爱。珠光宝气的女人，她们沉静在玉的大美里，美丽的外表象玉，温润高洁，晶莹纯粹，大气纯美、朦胧精致，如水中月雾中花，难忘那一张张娇俏的容颜及靓丽身影。

那些身着傣家、景颇艳丽服饰的青春女人们，无不爱玉，她们仿佛是一群天仙，一群下凡的宫女，总也无法避开人们迷人的视线。在她们身上，会让人看到流淌着中国几千年文化的血脉、风韵无限、极高品味的玉，它光芒四射，溢光流彩
走在这儿，除了赏玉，买玉，尽可在这里看往来如织的爱玉女人。她们那轻盈的步态，文静幽雅的气质，多象一块块水种极佳的美玉。她们明亮，艳丽，柔情，象一枝枝飘香的金桂。什么品质的玉佩带什么样的女人，在这里尽可去感受、品味，并得到极好的诠释。纵然你是初来乍到，那也不要紧，悠闲的端坐于玉街的玉桌前，均会让你流连忘返，沉静在美女如云的玉街中，心静如水。玉自觉会让你结交结识各种美丽女性朋友，交流玉的话题。

从行人中你会熟悉了解到，那些苏杭上海比较名流的女子，经常光顾东方珠宝街选购翡翠手镯，她们购玉的过程其实就是一个极为美丽的过程。玉文化中说道她们懂玉，爱玉，高美的玉象与她们今生有缘、命中注定。在她们身上似乎不难看到古老苏杭人及南京六朝粉都诸如陈圆圆的粉脂气及软玉温香之气浸渗流溢。北方女人练达、精明、高雅的气质在珠宝街如一道闪电。四川女人多情似水，她们活色生香，温柔的外表给人一种玉的恬静之大美，甜润柔腻的音色带着玉磬的韵律。总而言之，从玉街走过的女人风情万种，她们都爱玉，美丽如玉。避开时间的裂缝，在这玉城看到了自然天成的女人与玉的极佳搭配与结合，成为最最难得的一种风情。

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Business Blu Wireless raises $3.1m

2013/08/01

60GHz wireless specialist, Blu Wireless has closed a $3.1 million funding round. This will allow the company to drive further growth, doubling in size to 30 staff, and complete the development of its HYDRA baseband IP offering for 802.11ad next generation WiFi (WiGig CERTIFIED) and 4G mobile network backhaul applications.

The funding round was led by Qi3 Accelerator, who represented a syndicate of over $1.5m (£1m) of London Business Angels private investors, including Wren Capital. A further $0.9 million (£0.6m) was invested by the Angel Co-Fund, several additional investors made up the remainder.

Blu Wireless’s baseband technology uses a flexible parallel processing architecture to efficiently support the complex modulation schemes required for emerging multi-gigabit wireless communication standards. The IP is currently optimised for chipsets used in both advanced WiFi and 4G small cell deployments, and can be simply scaled to support the anticipated future standards as they move to 20Gbps and beyond.

The Bristol, UK based firm is already working with several of the world’s leading semiconductor and system companies in these markets.

The IP will be sold under license agreement to chipset manufacturers that compete in, or want to enter, markets that exploit the unlicensed 60GHz frequency band.

Blu Wireless’s CEO, Henry Nurser commented: “With the completion of this funding round, we will be executing our plan to become the leading supplier of baseband system IP to manufacturers in the 60GHz sector.”

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什么叫翡翠公盘？

翡翠公盘指的是，由缅甸政府组织的翡翠原料拍卖会。公盘所对应的是私盘，指的是不由政府出面的私下买卖。这几年以来，缅甸政府不允许私下买卖翡翠原料，几乎所有的翡翠原料，都只能经由翡翠公盘拍卖销往国外。

翡翠公盘每年在仰光举行，一年有三四次。地点在缅甸宝石博物馆。每次公盘举行时，博物馆的大院里都摆满了翡翠原料。一般有一两千份料，一份料一个竞拍号，一个标的额。每份料有大有小、有多有少。

多的一份料由五六块上吨重的大料组成，这些料虽然大，可价格不高，一般也就几万元人民币。即使价格不高，买的人也不多，经常“溜标”剩下的就是这些原料。之所以便宜还没人买，是因为这些原料种干，透明度差，绿色很少。虽然大，但价值很低。这些就是行家们常说的“桩头料”，只能做一些大型摆件。但国内有些商家用这些原料加工成低档吊坠和手镯，平均一件成本也就几元钱，一般在旅游点销售，能卖到百元以上。

翡翠公盘

小的可能就是一块一手能拿过来的原料，甚至重不到一公斤。还别小瞧这不起眼的小料，竞争最激烈往往就是这些原料。如果有一条较宽的绿带，种水好，能出高档的戒面和花件，可能就能卖到几十万，甚至几百万元。

翡翠公盘

原料拍卖和国内大家常见的拍卖会不一样。国内的艺术品拍卖会，每个竞价人出的价格都是公开的，现场由拍卖师根据前一个出价人的价格统一加价。而原料拍卖却刺激得多，每个出价人都不知道别人的出价，完全靠自己的眼力，每个人都要算出自己能够接受的最高价格。如果高于这个价格，被别人买走了，也不觉得可惜，虽然他抢走了料，但很有可能赔钱呢，赔钱的买卖抢去也不心疼了。但由于不知道别人的出价，有时候会有出价最高的人，比出价第二的高出很多，虽然只多出一块钱，这块料就是你的，可你一下多出了一百万，虽然买了料，可也比较郁闷。

心理压力实在太大了。所以，买原料很少有一个人单打独斗的，一般总要几个人合伙，互相有个商议。但即使如此，也困难重重。

翡翠原料买卖，玩的真是心跳。一个揭阳做翡翠的朋友说，现在买料真的很疯狂啊。上次公盘，我们五六个人合伙，看上一份料。展览的时候我们看来看去，几个人统一不了，有的看六百万，有的看八百万，三四天都下不了决心。可在最后出价的几分钟里，我们一看现场的势头，出价的人真多，按着原来的打算根本不可能买到。刺激之下，大家也不再争论了，一下就出了一千三百万，比开始的打算多出了一倍的价格。

为了买到货，就要冒更大的风险。对行家来说，没有货就没有盈利的机会。但有时候，如果太冒险再加运气不够的话，就很有可能血本无归。

今年揭阳一个非常有经验的行家，九千万买到一块料，运回国内解开，起货（出了一两件样品）不高，大家估算全部做成成品，也就值两三千万。

做翡翠挣钱快，赔钱也快呀。

今年三月，金融危机之后，第一次翡翠公盘，当时很多人都不看好，缅甸矿主们拿出的原料也少于往年。但没想到的是，卖得很高，原料价格比去年还有所上升。金融危机面前，翡翠还是经住了考验。

六月第二次翡翠公盘，价格比三月又有不少上涨。已影响到成品批发市场，成品价格随之上涨。

十月二十五日开始的第三次缅甸翡翠公盘，行家们预测，估计拿出来的好原料又会减少，尤其是近一段缅甸国内内战，很多矿主属于与政府作战的佤邦，估计很多大矿主不会拿出太多好料，为了争到好料，行家们又要进行一番争夺了。

没夺到肯定就没有了挣钱的机会，但夺到了可能还会赔掉本钱。得与失之间，还要有一个好心态啊。

TAG:公盘翡翠赌石

Spitzer Discovers Young Stars with a 'Hula Hoop'

As the two inner stars whirl around each other, they periodically peek out from the disk that girds them like a hula hoop. The hoop itself appears to be misaligned from the central star pair, probably due to the disrupting gravitational presence of the third star orbiting at the periphery of the system. The whole system cycles through bright and faint phases, with the central stars playing a sort of cosmic peek-a-boo as the tilted disk twirls around them. It is believed that this disk should go on to spawn planets and the other celestial bodies that make up a solar system.

Spitzer observed infrared light from YLW 16A, emitted by the warmed gas and dust in the disk that still swathes the young stars. Other observations came from the ground-based 2MASS survey, as well as from the NACO instrument at the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile.

YLW 16A is the fourth example of a star system known to blink in such a manner, and the second in the same star-forming region Rho Ophiuchus. The finding suggests that these systems might be more common than once thought. Blinking star systems with warped disks offer scientists a way to study how planets form in these environments. The planets can orbit one or both of the stars in the binary star system. The famous science fictional planet Tatooine in "Star Wars" orbits two stars, hence its double sunsets. Such worlds are referred to as circumbinary planets. Astronomers can record how light is absorbed by planet-forming disks during the bright and faint phases of blinking stellar systems, which in turn reveals information about the materials that comprise the disk.

"These blinking systems offer natural probes of the binary and circumbinary planet formation process," said Peter Plavchan, a scientist at the NASA Exoplanet Science Institute and Infrared Processing and Analysis Center at the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif., and lead author of a new paper accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics.

NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, Calif., manages the Spitzer Space Telescope mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. Science operations are conducted at the Spitzer Science Center at Caltech. Data are archived at the Infrared Science Archive housed at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center. Caltech manages JPL for NASA. For more information about Spitzer, visit http://spitzer.caltech.edu and http://www.nasa.gov/spitzer .

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NASA's Cassini sees forces controlling Enceladus jets

July 31, 2013 — The intensity of the jets of water ice and organic particles that shoot out from Saturn's moon Enceladus depends on the moon's proximity to the ringed planet, according to data obtained by NASA's Cassini spacecraft.

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The finding adds to evidence that a liquid water reservoir or ocean lurks under the icy surface of the moon. This is the first clear observation the bright plume emanating from Enceladus' south pole varies predictably. The findings are detailed in a scientific paper in this week's edition of Nature.

"The jets of Enceladus apparently work like adjustable garden hose nozzles," said Matt Hedman, the paper's lead author and a Cassini team scientist based at Cornell University in Ithaca, N.Y. "The nozzles are almost closed when Enceladus is closer to Saturn and are most open when the moon is farthest away. We think this has to do with how Saturn squeezes and releases the moon with its gravity."

Cassini, which has been orbiting Saturn since 2004, discovered the jets that form the plume in 2005. The water ice and organic particles spray out from several narrow fissures nicknamed "tiger stripes."

"The way the jets react so responsively to changing stresses on Enceladus suggests they have their origins in a large body of liquid water," said Christophe Sotin, a co-author and Cassini team member at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, Calif. "Liquid water was key to the development of life on Earth, so these discoveries whet the appetite to know whether life exists everywhere water is present."

For years scientists hypothesized the intensity of the jets likely varied over time, but no one had been able to show they changed in a recognizable pattern. Hedman and colleagues were able to see the changes by examining infrared data of the plume as a whole, obtained by Cassini's visual and infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS), and looking at data gathered over a long period of time.

The VIMS instrument, which enables the analysis of a wide range of data including the hydrocarbon composition of the surface of another Saturnian moon, Titan, and the seismological signs of Saturn's vibrations in its rings, collected more than 200 images of the Enceladus plume from 2005 to 2012.

These data show the plume was dimmest when the moon was at the closest point in its orbit to Saturn. The plume gradually brightened until Enceladus was at the most distant point, where it was three to four times brighter than the dimmest detection. This is comparable to moving from a dim hallway into a brightly lit office.

Adding the brightness data to previous models of how Saturn squeezes Enceladus, the scientists deduced the stronger gravitational squeeze near the planet reduces the opening of the tiger stripes and the amount of material spraying out. They think the relaxing of Saturn's gravity farther away from planet allows the tiger stripes to be more open and for the spray to escape in larger quantities.

"Cassini's time at Saturn has shown us how active and kaleidoscopic this planet, its rings and its moons are," said Linda Spilker, Cassini project scientist at JPL. "We've come a long way from the placid-looking Saturn that Galileo first spied through his telescope. We hope to learn more about the forces at work here as a microcosm for how our solar system formed."

The Cassini-Huygens mission is a cooperative project of NASA, the European Space Agency and the Italian Space Agency. JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, manages the mission for NASA's Science Mission Directorate in Washington. The VIMS team is based at the University of Arizona in Tucson.

For more information about the Cassini mission, visit: http://www.nasa.gov/cassini and http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov .

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New protein discovered with vast potential for treatment of cancer and other diseases

The identification of CPTP was the result of an international collaboration that built on prior research by co-lead author Charles Chalfant, Ph.D., Endowed Chair of Cancer Cell Signaling and member of the Cancer Cell Signaling program at Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center as well as professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at VCU School of Medicine. The team discovered that CPTP regulates levels of biologically active lipids, which are molecules such as fatty acids that often play a role in cell signaling. As its name implies, this study determined that CPTP's main function is to transport ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P), a lipid that helps regulate cell growth, survival, migration and inflammation. Specifically, C1P increases the production of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids -- powerful signaling molecules that contribute to chronic inflammation in diseases such as cancer, asthma, atherosclerosis and thrombosis -- and the discovery of CPTP shines a light on the cellular mechanisms that contribute to these diseases.

"We may have identified the newest target for treating cancer," says Chalfant. "Because of the important role this protein plays in a number of cellular functions, it could also have large implications for a variety of diseases like cancer that are caused by inflammation."

With assistance from Massey's Lipidomics Developing Shared Resource core, the researchers were able to determine the composition of the bioactive lipids regulated by CPTP. Residing in the cytosol, or the liquid within cells, the team found that CPTP regulates catabolism of C1P, a process that breaks down the molecule in order to release its energy. They also demonstrated that CPTP transports C1P to the cellular membrane where it helps synthesize eicosanoids from fatty acids in the membrane.

Confirming a decade of research from Chalfant's laboratory, the scientists provided further proof that C1P regulates group IVA phospholipase A2, an enzyme that promotes inflammation through the production of a fatty acid known as arachidonic acid. The release of arachidonic acid via C1P activation of this enzyme was shown to trigger the production of eicosanoids. These findings help to explain the reported link between ceramide kinase, the enzyme responsible for C1P production, and poor prognosis in breast cancer patients, which further suggests that alleviation of systemic inflammation may lead to better prognosis and better treatment responses.

"Moving forward, we hope to use our knowledge of the structure of CPTP in order to find small molecules and other means that can block it," says Chalfant. "The immediate uses of such therapeutics might be to restore clotting in trauma patients by maintaining the levels of specific eicosanoids that mediate blood clotting. However, with further research we hope to define exactly how CPTP is produced so that we can regulate its production and potentially develop new treatments for a variety of diseases."

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Researchers successfully spoof an 80 million yacht at sea

July 31, 2013 — This summer, a radio navigation research team from The University of Texas at Austin set out to discover whether they could subtly coerce a 213-foot yacht off its course, using a custom-made GPS device.

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Led by assistant professor Todd Humphreys of the Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics at the Cockrell School of Engineering, the team was able to successfully spoof an $80 million private yacht using the world's first openly acknowledged GPS spoofing device. Spoofing is a technique that creates false civil GPS signals to gain control of a vessel's GPS receivers. The purpose of the experiment was to measure the difficulty of carrying out a spoofing attack at sea and to determine how easily sensors in the ship's command room could identify the threat.

The researchers hope their demonstration will shed light on the perils of navigation attacks, serving as evidence that spoofing is a serious threat to marine vessels and other forms of transportation. Last year, Humphreys and a group of students led the first public capture of a GPS-guided unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), or drone, using a GPS device created by Humphreys and his students.

"With 90 percent of the world's freight moving across the seas and a great deal of the world's human transportation going across the skies, we have to gain a better understanding of the broader implications of GPS spoofing," Humphreys said. "I didn't know, until we performed this experiment, just how possible it is to spoof a marine vessel and how difficult it is to detect this attack."

In June, the team was invited aboard the yacht, called the White Rose of Drachs, while it traveled from Monaco to Rhodes, Greece, on the Mediterranean Sea. The experiment took place about 30 miles off the coast of Italy as the yacht sailed in international waters.

From the White Rose's upper deck, graduate students Jahshan Bhatti and Ken Pesyna broadcasted a faint ensemble of civil GPS signals from their spoofing device -- a blue box about the size of a briefcase -- toward the ship's two GPS antennas. The team's counterfeit signals slowly overpowered the authentic GPS signals until they ultimately obtained control of the ship's navigation system.

Unlike GPS signal blocking or jamming, spoofing triggers no alarms on the ship's navigation equipment. To the ship's GPS devices, the team's false signals were indistinguishable from authentic signals, allowing the spoofing attack to happen covertly.

Once control of the ship's navigation system was gained, the team's strategy was to coerce the ship onto a new course using subtle maneuvers that positioned the yacht a few degrees off its original course. Once a location discrepancy was reported by the ship's navigation system, the crew initiated a course correction. In reality, each course correction was setting the ship slightly off its course line. Inside the yacht's command room, an electronic chart showed its progress along a fixed line, but in its wake there was a pronounced curve showing that the ship had turned.

"The ship actually turned and we could all feel it, but the chart display and the crew saw only a straight line," Humphreys said.

After several such maneuvers, the yacht had been tricked onto a parallel track hundreds of meters from its intended one -- the team had successfully spoofed the ship.

The experiment helps illustrate the wide gap between the capabilities of spoofing devices and what the transportation industry's technology can detect, Humphreys said.

Chandra Bhat, director of the Center for Transportation Research at The University of Texas at Austin, believes that the experiment highlights the vulnerability of the transportation sector to such attacks.

"The surprising ease with which Todd and his team were able to control a (multimillion) dollar yacht is evidence that we must invest much more in securing our transportation systems against potential spoofing," Bhat said.

It's important for the public and policymakers to understand that spoofing poses a threat that has far-reaching implications for transportation, Humphreys said.

"This experiment is applicable to other semi-autonomous vehicles, such as aircraft, which are now operated, in part, by autopilot systems," Humphreys said. "We've got to put on our thinking caps and see what we can do to solve this threat quickly."

As part of an ongoing research project, funding and travel expenses for this experiment was supported by UT Austin's Wireless Networking and Communications Group through the WNCG's Industrial Affiliates program.

Watch an animation of the spoofing attack, titled "Spoofing on the High Seas": http://youtu.be/ctw9ECgJ8L0

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Guided growth of nanowires leads to self-integrated circuits

Much effort has gone into facilitating the self-assembly of semiconductors, the basic building blocks of electronics, but until recently, success has been limited. Scientists had developed methods for growing semiconductor nanowires vertically on a surface, but the resultant structures were short and disorganized. After growing, such nanowires need to be "harvested" and aligned horizontally; since such placement is random, scientists need to determine their location and only then integrate them into electric circuits.

A team led by Prof. Ernesto Joselevich of the Weizmann Institute's Materials and Interfaces Department has managed to overcome these limitations. For the first time, the scientists have created self-integrating nanowires whose position, length and direction can be fully controlled.

The achievement, reported this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, was based on a method developed by Joselevich two years ago for growing nanowires horizontally in an orderly manner. In the present study -- conducted by Joselevich with Dr. Mark Schvartzman and David Tsivion of his lab, and Olga Raslin and Dr. Diana Mahalu of the Physics of Condensed Matter Department -- the scientists went further, creating self-integrated electronic circuits from the nanowires.

First, the scientists prepared a surface with tiny, atom-sized grooves and then added to the middle of the grooves catalyst particles that served as nuclei for the growth of nanowires. This setup defined the position, length and direction of the nanowires. They then succeeded in creating a transistor from each nanowire on the surface, producing hundreds of such transistors simultaneously. The nanowires were also used to create a more complex electronic component -- a functioning logic circuit called an Address Decoder, an essential constituent of computers.

"Our method makes it possible, for the first time, to determine the arrangement of the nanowires in advance to suit the desired electronic circuit," Joselevich explains. The ability to efficiently produce circuits from self-integrating semiconductors opens the door to a variety of technological applications, including the development of improved LED devices, lasers and solar cells.

Prof. Ernesto Joselevich's research is supported by the Carolito Stiftung and the European Research Council.

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Digest this: Cure for cancer may live in our intestines

July 31, 2013 — Treating a cancerous tumor is like watering a houseplant with a fire hose -- too much water kills the plant, just as too much chemotherapy and radiation kills the patient before it kills the tumor.

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However, if the patient's gastrointestinal tract remains healthy and functioning, the patient's chances of survival increase exponentially, said Jian-Guo Geng, associate professor at the University of Michigan School of Dentistry. Recently, Geng's lab discovered a biological mechanism that preserves the gastrointestinal tracts in mice who were delivered lethal doses of chemotherapy.

The findings, which will appear in the journal Nature, could revolutionize cancer therapy, Geng said.

"It's our belief that this could eventually cure later-staged metastasized cancer. People will not die from cancer, if our prediction is true," said Geng, who emphasized that the findings had not yet been proven in humans. "All tumors from different tissues and organs can be killed by high doses of chemotherapy and radiation, but the current challenge for treating the later-staged metastasized cancer is that you actually kill the patient before you kill the tumor.

"Now you have a way to make a patient tolerate to lethal doses of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In this way, the later-staged, metastasized cancer can be eradicated by increased doses of chemotherapy and radiation."

Geng's lab found that when certain proteins bind with a specific molecule on intestinal stem cells, it revs intestinal stem cells into overdrive for intestinal regeneration and repair. Stem cells naturally heal damaged organs and tissues, but so-called "normal" amounts of stem cells in the intestine simply cannot keep up with the wreckage left behind by the lethal doses of chemotherapy and radiation required to successfully treat late-stage tumors.

However, the phalanx of extra stem cells protect the intestine and gastrointestinal tract, which means the patient can ingest nutrients, the body can perform other critical functions and the bacterial toxins in the intestine are prevented from entering the blood circulation, Geng said.

These factors could give the patient just enough of an extra edge to survive the stronger doses of chemotherapy and radiation, until the tumor or tumors are eradicated.

In the study, 50-to-75 percent of the mice treated with the molecule survived otherwise lethal doses of chemotherapy. All of the mice that did not receive the molecule died, Geng said.

"If you can keep the gut going, you can keep the patient going longer," Geng said. "Now we have found a way to protect the intestine. The next step is to aim for a 100-percent survival rate in mice who are injected with the molecules and receive lethal doses of chemotherapy and radiation."

Geng's lab has worked with these molecules, called R-spondin1 and Slit2, for more than a decade. These molecules repair tissue in combination with intestinal stem cells residing in the adult intestine.

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Universal law for light absorption in 2-D semiconductors

Working with ultrathin membranes of the semiconductor indium arsenide, a team of researchers with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)'s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley Lab) has discovered a quantum unit of photon absorption, which they have dubbed "A_Q," that should be general to all 2D semiconductors, including compound semiconductors of the III-V family that are favored for solar films and optoelectronic devices. This discovery not only provides new insight into the optical properties of 2D semiconductors and quantum wells, it should also open doors to exotic new optoelectronic and photonic technologies.

"We used free-standing indium arsenide membranes down to three nanometers in thickness as a model material system to accurately probe the absorption properties of 2D semiconductors as a function of membrane thickness and electron band structure," says Ali Javey, a faculty scientist in Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences Division and a professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of California (UC) Berkeley. "We discovered that the magnitude of step-wise absorptance in these materials is independent of thickness and band structure details."

Javey is one of two corresponding authors of a paper describing this research in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The paper is titled "Quantum of optical absorption in two-dimensional semiconductors." Eli Yablonovitch, an electrical engineer who also holds joint appointments with Berkeley Lab and UC Berkeley, is the other corresponding author. Co-authors are Hui Fang, Hans Bechtel, Elena Plis, Michael Martin and Sanjay Krishna.

Previous work has shown that graphene, a two-dimensional sheet of carbon, has a universal value of light absorption. Javey, Yablonovitch and their colleagues have now found that a similar generalized law applies to all 2D semiconductors. This discovery was made possible by a unique process that Javey and his research group developed in which thin films of indium arsenide are transferred onto an optically transparent substrate, in this case calcium fluoride.

"This provided us with ultrathin membranes of indium arsenide, only a few unit cells in thickness, that absorb light on a substrate that absorbed no light," Javey says. "We were then able to investigate the optical absorption properties of membranes that ranged in thickness from three to 19 nanometers as a function of band structure and thickness."

Using the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) capabilities of Beamline 1.4.3 at Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source, a DOE national user facility, Javey, Yablonovitch and their co-authors measured the magnitude of light absorptance in the transition from one electronic band to the next at room temperature. They observed a discrete stepwise increase at each transition from indium arsenide membranes with an A_Qvalue of approximately 1.7-percent per step.

"This absorption law appears to be universal for all 2D semiconductor systems," says Yablonovitch. "Our results add to the basic understanding of electron-photon interactions under strong quantum confinement and provide a unique insight toward the use of 2D semiconductors for novel photonic and optoelectronic applications."

This research was supported by DOE's Office of Science and the National Science Foundation.

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为什么全世界只有中国人最爱玉呢？

中国人对玉的特殊爱好自古有之，喜爱玉甚于黄金和其它玉石，在古代 “ 君子无故，玉不去身，君子与玉比德焉 ” ，并以玉的温润色泽代表仁慈、坚韧质地象征智慧，不伤人的棱角表示公平正义，敲击时发出的清脆舒畅的乐音是廉直美德的反应。正因为此，自古以来得到人们由衷的偏爱。

玉，都是古老的。世界上最精彩的玉，产于新疆和阗。凝固的玉的龙脉，在大山的腹中，深藏了亿万年。这玉的龙脉是大自然最精彩的结晶。随着天地沧桑，一部分玉的龙脉破山而出，裸露于天地风雨冰雪之间，又呈现出别一种玉的资质。经历了风刀霜剑的挥斫，一部分玉滚落在山涧、河流之中，这玉是一大群星星般的魂魄，人们称之为“仔玉”。这玉是玉的龙脉的孙儿，最具生命力量又历经磨砺。这玉彻心彻骨地和光同尘，与风雨雷电，水火冰雪，相亲相融，是真正承受了天地灵气的人间精魂。玉是大自然对于人类最美好的馈赠，可惜只有中国人对它怦然心动，因为只有中国人发觉了玉的美好，而且倾心倾情。 ca9d80163ed7ad5e5aec3dc78c3aa373_thumb
“ 宁为玉碎，不为瓦全 ” 。这正是玉美的 “ 人化 ” ，它象征高尚的人格，君子的气节，优秀的品德，以及生活的理想，玉的美在深化着人的灵魂。
“ 玉不琢，不成器 ” 。这句话已超越出咏物范围，而成了早就人才的箴言。
“ 和氏之壁 ” ，讲述的何尝是一块玉的故事！歌颂的未必只是卞和识玉的才智，他为了一块 “ 楚山璞 ” 而不畏刖刑，失双脚！多么感天动地的精神！这是在讴歌我们中华民族的坚韧精神和不屈不挠的意志！也是从几千年前哲人口中发出的谆谆告诫： “ 识物，识人！ ”
“ 完璧归赵 ” ，记载的何尝只是蔺相如出使秦国的故事，它颂扬的是一种玉的精神，是人类恪守信约的美德和舍生取义的情操。
玉，因其质美，色美，触美，音美，而在石中称王，为人们所喜爱 . 玉是自然的象征，它集聚是着天、地、虹、日、月的精华，是中国的宇宙观念。它是精神，意念，理想，更是中华民族对美的追求和升华。

生成了亿万年的玉，遇到了中国人之后，才变成了通灵宝玉。而具有人类所有的美好品性的中国人，把玉看作了民族的精魂。因为玉也具备了人类所向往的所有的美好的品性，温文、宁静、含蓄、纯净、坚贞和正气。
中国人爱玉，不仅仅是因为它的稀有或色泽美丽的外观，而是有着更深一层的美学价值：因为玉凝结着人们深深的感情 —— 对故乡的怀念，对祖先的崇拜。这种恋乡怀祖之情，培养了中华民族的人格，孕育着中国传统美学；这个美的传统，一直沿续了数千年，始终焕发着不朽的光彩。
“君子比德于玉”，是中国人一句古训，是中国人与玉一见倾心的真情流泻。中国人活着，像玉一样，去世了，最神圣的悼念，也是“生刍一束，其人如玉”。玉最让人称道的品质还在于玉永远不折不挠。“宁为玉碎，不为瓦全”，是玉最让中国人感动的品性。玉碎了，碎了还是玉！中国人把玉看作了民族魂，近百年不折不挠奋斗，中国人有的就是一种“宁为玉碎，不为瓦全的精神，在这个世界上维持着自己的尊严。具有玉的精神的中国人，是永远也不可战胜的。

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综上所述得到的结论是以下这么几个：

第一，先人之影响．远古时期人们就经常将玉器作为祭祀祖宗和神灵的礼器，这种用玉的传统影响良久．

第二，儒家崇尚＂君子比德于玉＂思想的深远影响．孔子说，玉体现了君子所有的美德，玉就是美德的化身，这时它就已经远远不是普通的石头了．只要是自认为具有君子品德的人，都渴望得到一块美玉．甚至在一段时间内，佩玉品相的好坏甚至与佩玉之人品德的高低相联系．

第三，汉代以后玉能辟邪护佑思想的影响．汉代的人们给玉赋予了一种神奇的功能，认为玉石能有避邪和保佑人们平安的功能，所以很多人都祈望自己能够挂一块玉佩以得到神灵保佑．

第四，美玉的保值增值功能的影响．这些年玉石和玉器的市场价值涨幅惊人，也是导致现如今人们钟爱购买和收藏玉器的一个重要原因．但是，这一影响，是绝对地建立在上述三种影响因素之上的，因为没有先人影响、儒家文化影响、祈求神灵护佑思想的存在，就不可能有那么多人对玉石和玉器趋之若鹜，也不会使玉石玉器价格快速上涨．

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Stem cells in urine easy to isolate and have potential for numerous therapies

July 31, 2013 — Could harvesting stem cells for therapy one day be as simple as asking patients for a urine sample? Researchers at Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center's Institute for Regenerative Medicine and colleagues have identified stem cells in urine that can be directed to become multiple cell types.

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"These cells can be obtained through a simple, non-invasive low-cost approach that avoids surgical procedures," said Yuanyuan Zhang, M.D., Ph.D., assistant professor of regenerative medicine and senior researcher on the project.

Reporting online in the journal Stem Cells, the team successfully directed stem cells from urine to become bladder-type cells, such as smooth muscle and urothelial, the cells that line the bladder. But the urine-derived cells could also form bone, cartilage, fat, skeletal muscle, nerve, and endothelial cells, which line blood vessels. The multipotency of the cells suggests their use in a variety of therapies.

"These stem cells represent virtually a limitless supply of autologous cells for treating not only urology-related conditions such as kidney disease, urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction, but could be used in other fields as well," said Zhang. "They could also potentially be used to engineer replacement bladders, urine tubes and other urologic organs."

Being able to use a patient's own stem cells for therapy is considered advantageous because they do not induce immune responses or rejection. However, because tissue-specific cells are a very small subpopulation of cells, they can be difficult to isolate from organs and tissues.

Zhang's team first identified the cells, which are a small subset of the many cells found in urine, in 2006. The current research builds on earlier studies by confirming the multipotency of the cells. In addition, the research found that unlike iPS cells or embryonic stem cells, the urine derived-stem cells do not form tumors when implanted in the body, indicating they may be safe for use in patients.

The research involved obtaining urine samples from 17 healthy individuals ranging in age from five to 75 years. Isolating the cells from urine involves minimal processing, according to the authors. Next, they evaluated the cells' ability to become multiple cell types.

Importantly, the cells differentiated into the three tissue layers (endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm) that are a hallmark of true stem cells and also differentiated into the specific cell types mentioned earlier.

Next, the researchers placed cells that had been differentiated into smooth muscle and urothelial cells onto scaffolds made of pig intestine. When implanted in mice for one month, the cells formed multi-layer, tissue-like structures.

The urine-derived stem cells have markers of mesenchymal cells, which are adult stem cells from connective tissue such as bone marrow. They also have markers for pericytes, a subset of mesenchymal cells found in small blood vessels.

Where do the cells come from? Researchers suspect that the cells originate from the upper urinary tract, including the kidney. Female study participants who had received kidney transplants from male donors were found to have the y chromosome in their urine-derived stem cells, suggesting the kidney as the source of the cells.

"Identifying the origins of the cells will lead to a better understanding of the biology of this multipotent population of mesenchymal cells within the urinary tract system," said Zhang.

Co-researchers were Shantaram Bharadwaj, Ph.D., Guihua Liu, M.D., Ph.D., Yingai Shi, M.D., Ph.D., Rongpei Wu, M.D., Ph.D., Bin Yang, M.D., Ph.D., Anthony Atala, M.D., and Jan Rohozinski, Ph.D ., Wake Forest Baptist; Tong-chan He, M.D., Ph.D., the University of Chicago Medical Center; Yuxin Fan, M.D., Ph.D., and Xinyan Lu, M.D., Baylor College of Medicine; Xiaobo Zhou, Ph.D., the Methodist Hospital Research Institute; and Hong Liu, Ph.D., University of Oklahoma.

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